蒂利：《社会运动》读书笔记

蒂利所讨论的社会运动是一种独特的实行大众政治的方式和手段，肇始于18世纪后期的西欧，在19世纪早期的西欧和北美获得了广泛承认，19世纪中期凝结成综合了诸多要素的稳定复合体，此后变化趋缓却从不停顿，最终拓展到整个西方世界，并被冠名为社运。这个政治复合体包含了三个要素：（1）针对目标当局开展群体性的诉求伸张运动；（2）进行一连串的诉求表演，其形式包括专项协会、公共集会、媒体声明、游行示威等；（3）价值、统一、规模和风险的公开表达。【9】[t a distinctive way of pursuing public politics began to take shape in Western countries during .the later eighteenth century, acquired widespread recognition in Western Europe and North America by the early nineteenth century, consolidated into a durable ensemble of elements by the middle of the same century, altered more slowly and incrementally after that point, spread widely through the Western world, and came to be called a social movement. That political complex combined three elements: 1) campaigns of collective claims on target authorities; 2) an array of claim-making performances including special-purpose associations, public meetings, media statements, and demonstrations; 3) public representations of the cause's worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment. I am calling that historically specific complex a social movement. p.7.] 他希望追溯社会运动的历史，有四个部分：诸要素的起源与转变历程；促进乎哦阻碍社会运动发展的社会过程；社会运动的要素与其他政治形式的相互作用过程；导致社会运动发生重大变化和变异的成因。地理的基本观点是：（1）18世纪起源伊始，社会运动就一直是以交响乐而非独奏曲的方式向前演进的。【16】（From their eighteenth-century origins onward, social movements have proceeded not as solo performances, but as interactive campaigns. p.12.）（2）社会运动结合了三类诉求：纲领诉求、身份诉求和立场诉求【17】[Social movements combine three kinds of claims: program, identity, and standing. Program claims involve stated support for or opposition to actual or proposed actions by the objects of movement claims. Identity claims consist of assertions that "we"-the claimants-constitute a unified force to be reckoned with. WUNC (worthiness, unity, numbers, and commitment) performances back up identity claims. Standing claims assert ties and similarities to other political actors, for example excluded minorities, properly constituted citizens' groups, or loyal supporters of the regime. They sometimes concern the standing of other political actors, for example in calls for expulsion of immigrants or their exclusion from citizenship. Program, identity, and standing claims conform to partly separate codes built up from a regime's particular political history; Zimbabweans and Canadians do not-and cannot-signal collective worthiness in exactly the same way. p.12.]（3）在社会运动和社会运动的诉求者中，以及在社会运动中的各个阶段，纲领诉求、身份诉求和立场诉求的相对特色会发生显著变化【17】（The relative salience of program, identity, and standing claims varies significantly among social movements, among claimants within movements, and among phases of movements. p.12.）（4）民主化推动了社会运动的形成。【17】（Democratization promotes the formation ofsocial movements. By democratization, let us mean development of regimes featuring relatively broad and equal citizenship, binding consultation of citizens with respect to governmental policy, personnel, and resources, and at least some protection of citizens from arbitrary actions by governmental agents (Tilly 2004). Democratization actually limits the range of feasible and effective popular collective action. Democratic institutions, for example, generally inhibit violent popular rebellions (Tilly 2003: chap. 3). But empowerment of citizens through contested elections and other forms of consultation combines with protections of civil liberties such as association and assembly to channel popular claim making into social-movement forms. pp.12-13.）（5）社会运动主张人民主权（Social movements assert popular sovereignty. p.13.）（6）与以地方为根基的大众政治形式相比，社会运动的范围、强度和效果严重依赖于运动中的政治企业家，不过20和21世纪专业的政治组织者、政治掮客和半自治的非政府组织扮演了越来越突出的角色，而且为了营造出WUNC自发形成的虚幻图景，这两个世纪的社会运动也越来越可以掩盖政治企业家的作用【18-9】[As compared with locally grounded forms of popular politics, social movements depend heavily on political entrepreneurs for their scale, durability, and effe ctiveness. The local routines of retaliation, rebellion, and resistance that prevailed across most of the world before the era of social movements drew on widely available local knowledge and existing interpersonal networks. The social movement combination of campaigns, WUNC displays, and coordinated performances, in contrast, always results at least in part from prior planning, coalition building, and muting of local differences. As we will soon see, smart political entrepreneurs figured in campaigns, social movement performances, and WUNC displays from the very birth of social movements. During the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, however, professional political organizers, brokers, and partly autonomous nongovernmental organizations took on increasingly prominent parts in promotion of social movements-to the dismay of populist critics. Ironically, a good deal of twentieth-and twenty-first-century social movement work therefore went into disguising the entrepreneurial effort in favor of images portraying the spontaneous emergence of WUNC. p.13.] （7）一旦社会运动在一种政治环境中安家落户，就能通过模式化运作和彼此的沟通合作，促使社会运动被其他相关的政治环境所接受。【19】（Once social movements establish themselves in one political setting, modeling, communication, and collaboration facilitate their adoption in other connected settings. p.13.）（8）社会运动的形式、组成和诉求，是随着历史而变化和发展的【19】（The forms, personnel, and claims of social movements vary and evolve historically. p.14.）（9）作为人类创造的制度形式，社会运动有可能消亡或转化为其他截然不同的政治形式。【20】（The social movement, as an invented imtitution, could disappear or mutate into some quite diffe rent form of politics. p.14.）