chapter 2 句子（二）

可能造成句子混乱的三种情况：
1 过多抽象名词（abstract&turgid） 
2 冗余成分造成句子分裂（disjointed&not flow）
3 专有名词过多，只有专业人员能看懂（tachnical language）


clear writting 的两个基本原则
1 the subjects of sentences name the cast of characters,
2 the verbs that go with those subjects name the crucial actions those characters are part of 

eg.Our lack of knowledge about local conditions precluded determination of committee action effectiveness in fund allocation to those areas in greatest need of assistance.   p21

Even when we don't feel anything wrong with our own prose, others often do ,so we ought to do something that will let us anticipate that judgement.Aquick method is simply to run a line under the first five or six words of every sentence. If you find that(1)you have to go more than six or seven words into a sentence to get past the subject to the verb and (2)the subject of the sentence is not one of your characters,take a hard look at that sentence;its characters and acions probably do not align with subject and verbs.(If you want to do a more exact and thorough analysis,underline the subject of every verb,even those in subordinate clauses.)Then simply revise the sentence so that characters appear as subjects and their actions as verbs.   P23

A few patterns of useless nominalizaiton(名词化结构）are easy to spot and revise.

1 When the nominalizaition follows a verb, with little specific meaning,change the nominalization to a verb that can replace the empty verb.

2When the nominalization follows there is or there are ,change the nominalization to a verb and find a subject:
eg:there was considerable erosion of the land from the floods.
     The floods considerably eroded the land.      P33

3 When the nominalizaition is the subject of an empty verb,change the nominalization to a verb and find a new subject:
eg:our discussion concerned a tax cut.
     We discussed a tax cut.

4 When you find consecutive nominalizaitions ,turn the first one into a verb.Then either leave the second or turn it into a verb in a clause beginning with how or why:
eg:there was first a review of the evolution of the dorsal fin.
     First,she reviewed the evolution of the dorsal fin.
     First,she reviewed how the dorsal fin evolved.

5 When have to revise more extensively when a nominalization in a subject is linked to a second nominalization in the predicate by a verb or phrase that logically connects them:                             p31
例句详P32

In some case,nominalizations are useful,even necessary.
1 The nominalizaition is a subject referring to a previous sentence:
eg: These arguments all depend on a single unproven claim.

2 The nominalization names what would be the object of its verb:
eg: I do not understand either her meaning or his intention.

3 A succinct nominalizaition can replace an wakward "the fact that"
eg:the fact that I denied what he accused me of impressed the jury.
     My denial of his accusations impressed the jury.

4 Some nominalizations refer to an often repeated concept.
eg:The Equal Rights Amendment was an issue in past lections.

5 We often use a nominalization after there is/are to introduce a topic that we develop in subsequent sentences(as distinct from an isolated there is +nominalization,seeP31)


To choose between the active and the passive ,we have to answer two questions:
First,must our audience know who is performing the action?
Second,are we maintaining a logically consistent string of subjects?
And third,if the string of subjects is consistent,is it the right string of subjects? P37-38

不成文的规定
以第一人称表述
多个名词连用形成的语义可通过介词，名词结构的使用来避免