Asking the Right Questions

按有用程度 按页码先后 最新笔记

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  第42页

  selina

  As you write and speak, it helps to be aware of the expectations careful thinkers will have. 1. What are the issues and the conclusions? 2. What are the reasons? 3. Which words or phrases are ambiguous? 4. What are the value conflicts and assumptions? 5. What are the descriptive assumptions? 6. Are there any fallacies in the reasoning? 7. How good is the evidence? 8. Are there rival cau... (更多)

  As you write and speak, it helps to be aware of the expectations careful thinkers will have.

  1. What are the issues and the conclusions?

  2. What are the reasons?

  3. Which words or phrases are ambiguous?

  4. What are the value conflicts and assumptions?

  5. What are the descriptive assumptions?

  6. Are there any fallacies in the reasoning?

  7. How good is the evidence?

  8. Are there rival causes?

  9. Are the statistics deceptive?

  10. What significant information is omitted?

  11. What reasonable conclusions are possible?

  Attention: Descriptive issues are those that raise questions about the

  accuracy of descriptions of the past, present, or future.

  Prescriptive issues are those that raise questions about what

  we should do or what is right or wrong, good or bad.

  A conclusion is the message that the speaker or writer wishes you to accept. (收起)

  2011-09-15 13:08:40   回应

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  Chapter 5

  serolins

  要想说服别人，你需要给出自己的理由，也就是conclusion和reason的结构。不过，这个理由是如何支持这个conclusion的？为什么当事人觉得这个理由能支持这个conclusion？ 一般来说，人人都有自己的一种价值观的偏好，在他人说服我们的时候，就很可能会把自己的这种偏好渗透到其理由中去（unstated idea）。我们要想办法弄清楚，对方有什么样的偏好使得他认为该理由支持某个结论。（并不代表这有问题，不代表我们不能接受别人的意.. (更多)

  要想说服别人，你需要给出自己的理由，也就是conclusion和reason的结构。不过，这个理由是如何支持这个conclusion的？为什么当事人觉得这个理由能支持这个conclusion？

  一般来说，人人都有自己的一种价值观的偏好，在他人说服我们的时候，就很可能会把自己的这种偏好渗透到其理由中去（unstated idea）。我们要想办法弄清楚，对方有什么样的偏好使得他认为该理由支持某个结论。（并不代表这有问题，不代表我们不能接受别人的意见）

  同时，要去找结论和理由之间的gap。很有可能他们之间有一些没有明确说明的假设在里面。只有当我们找到这个假设，并有理由相信这个假设是合理的，我们才能认为这个结论是有道理的。

  如何找价值观偏好？

  1. Why are the particular consequences or outcomes presented as reasons desirable to the person? 2. reverse role-playing. 看看反面立场是什么。 3.找出一些一般性的价值冲突。 4.当然，也可以直接去查查作者的背景

  如何找出assumption？

  1.找gap 2.给出的理由要能靠谱，背后需要什么样的观点支持？ 3.反方怎么想？

  (收起)

  2012-01-11 02:40:09   回应

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  Chapter 4

  serolins

  找出理由中的ambiguity，在弄清楚这些模棱两可的词汇或者语句之前，我们无法作出决定是否同意某一个观点。 找issue，conclusion，reasons。找出key words（conclusion和reason当中的）。这些词汇是否有多种意思，是否有清晰的解释。 时刻问自己这个问题，what do you mean by that?这个词汇短语在这里是什么意思？ 我们时常看到一个词，就认为这个词是和我们自己所理解的一样，但实际上可能完全不同。这是个陷阱，尤其在看.. (更多)

  找出理由中的ambiguity，在弄清楚这些模棱两可的词汇或者语句之前，我们无法作出决定是否同意某一个观点。

  找issue，conclusion，reasons。找出key words（conclusion和reason当中的）。这些词汇是否有多种意思，是否有清晰的解释。

  时刻问自己这个问题，what do you mean by that?这个词汇短语在这里是什么意思？

  我们时常看到一个词，就认为这个词是和我们自己所理解的一样，但实际上可能完全不同。这是个陷阱，尤其在看广告的时候要注意。它们故意用一些模糊的词汇，当我们看到这些词汇的时候容易把自己所理解的、所希望的意思填充进去。 (收起)

  2012-01-09 03:21:29   回应

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  第4页

  光明大祭司 (经历少，而理解多，便是肤浅)

  What does the indibidual who takes the sponge approach do when he reads material? He reads sentences carefully , trying to remember as much as he can. He may underline or highlight key words and sentences. He may take notes summarizing the major topics and major points. He checks his underlining or notes to be sure that he is not forgetting anything important. His mission is to find and understand... (更多)

  What does the indibidual who takes the sponge approach do when he reads material? He reads sentences carefully , trying to remember as much as he can. He may underline or highlight key words and sentences. He may take notes summarizing the major topics and major points. He checks his underlining or notes to be sure that he is not forgetting anything important. His mission is to find and understand what the author has to say. He memorizes the reasoning, but doesn't evaluate it.

  (收起)

  2011-03-19 23:10:05   1回应

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  第7页

  selina

  critical thinking, as we will use the term, refers to the following: 1. awareness of a set of interrelated critical questions; 2. ability to ask and answer critical questions at appropriate times; 3. desire to actively use the critical questions. Exhibit 1.1 MENTAL CHECK: Am I Panning for Gold? / Did I ask "why" someone wants me to believe something? / Did I take notes as I tho... (更多)

  critical thinking, as we will use the term, refers to the following:

  1. awareness of a set of interrelated critical questions;

  2. ability to ask and answer critical questions at appropriate times;

  3. desire to actively use the critical questions.

  Exhibit 1.1 MENTAL CHECK: Am I Panning for Gold?

  / Did I ask "why" someone wants me to believe something?

  / Did I take notes as I thought about potential problems with what was being said?

  / Did I evaluate what was being said?

  y Did I form my own conclusion about the topic?

  We bring lots of personal baggage to every decision we make—experiences, dreams, values, training, and cultural habits.

  However, if you are to grow, you need to recognize these feelings, and, as much as you are able, put them on a shelf for a bit.

  The danger of being emotionally involved in an issue is that you may fail to consider potential good reasons for other positions—reasons that might be sufficient to change your mind on the issue if only you would listen to them.

  Your time is valuable. Before taking the time to critically evaluate an issue, ask the question, "Who cares?"

  Attention: Weak-sense critical thinking is the use of critical thinking to defend your current beliefs. Strong-sense critical thinking is the use of the same skills to evaluate all claims and beliefs, especially your own. (收起)

  2011-09-15 11:44:38   回应

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  第25页

  jcwong要学术 (整个人都开始科普了。)

  CHAPTER THREE :WHAT ARE THE REASONS? this chapter seems commonplace . with just a little value, containing 10 pages,it is such a monolog. however, there is still something worthwhile to share. when somesone says a conclusion, we would be hungry for more like reasons which form the basis for creating the credibility of a conclusion. the reason can not be something like "because... (更多)

  CHAPTER THREE :WHAT ARE THE REASONS?

  this chapter seems commonplace . with just a little value, containing 10 pages,it is such a monolog.

  however, there is still something worthwhile to share.

  when somesone says a conclusion, we would be hungry for more like reasons which form the basis for creating the credibility of a conclusion.

  the reason can not be something like "because i think so" , which is bullshit....this kind of "reason" is a mere restatement of the conclusion.

  "only arguments and reasoning can be logically flawed, because a reason by itself is an isolated idea and cannot reflect a logical relationship"

  in a word, without reason,argument void of convincing supports is vacuous; with no existence of conclusion,reasoning is separate and maybe lead reader astray.

  "you cannot determine the worth of a conclusion until you identify the reasons"

  there is some indicator words such as"in view of", "is supported by"...as students who take foreign goddamned english tests we all know,

  then we should keep the reasons and conclusions straight and separate in a logical pattern,

  try a little to show some good new fresh reasons.they are freshing.

  a little disappointed after finshing this chapter, nevertheless I will keep on, hoping that my waiting and seeking wiil not turn out to be fruitless.

  (收起)

  2011-03-15 15:35:55   回应

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  Chapter 5

  serolins

  要想说服别人，你需要给出自己的理由，也就是conclusion和reason的结构。不过，这个理由是如何支持这个conclusion的？为什么当事人觉得这个理由能支持这个conclusion？ 一般来说，人人都有自己的一种价值观的偏好，在他人说服我们的时候，就很可能会把自己的这种偏好渗透到其理由中去（unstated idea）。我们要想办法弄清楚，对方有什么样的偏好使得他认为该理由支持某个结论。（并不代表这有问题，不代表我们不能接受别人的意.. (更多)

  要想说服别人，你需要给出自己的理由，也就是conclusion和reason的结构。不过，这个理由是如何支持这个conclusion的？为什么当事人觉得这个理由能支持这个conclusion？

  一般来说，人人都有自己的一种价值观的偏好，在他人说服我们的时候，就很可能会把自己的这种偏好渗透到其理由中去（unstated idea）。我们要想办法弄清楚，对方有什么样的偏好使得他认为该理由支持某个结论。（并不代表这有问题，不代表我们不能接受别人的意见）

  同时，要去找结论和理由之间的gap。很有可能他们之间有一些没有明确说明的假设在里面。只有当我们找到这个假设，并有理由相信这个假设是合理的，我们才能认为这个结论是有道理的。

  如何找价值观偏好？

  1. Why are the particular consequences or outcomes presented as reasons desirable to the person? 2. reverse role-playing. 看看反面立场是什么。 3.找出一些一般性的价值冲突。 4.当然，也可以直接去查查作者的背景

  如何找出assumption？

  1.找gap 2.给出的理由要能靠谱，背后需要什么样的观点支持？ 3.反方怎么想？

  (收起)

  2012-01-11 02:40:09   回应

  收藏

  推荐
• 

  Chapter 4

  serolins

  找出理由中的ambiguity，在弄清楚这些模棱两可的词汇或者语句之前，我们无法作出决定是否同意某一个观点。 找issue，conclusion，reasons。找出key words（conclusion和reason当中的）。这些词汇是否有多种意思，是否有清晰的解释。 时刻问自己这个问题，what do you mean by that?这个词汇短语在这里是什么意思？ 我们时常看到一个词，就认为这个词是和我们自己所理解的一样，但实际上可能完全不同。这是个陷阱，尤其在看.. (更多)

  找出理由中的ambiguity，在弄清楚这些模棱两可的词汇或者语句之前，我们无法作出决定是否同意某一个观点。

  找issue，conclusion，reasons。找出key words（conclusion和reason当中的）。这些词汇是否有多种意思，是否有清晰的解释。

  时刻问自己这个问题，what do you mean by that?这个词汇短语在这里是什么意思？

  我们时常看到一个词，就认为这个词是和我们自己所理解的一样，但实际上可能完全不同。这是个陷阱，尤其在看广告的时候要注意。它们故意用一些模糊的词汇，当我们看到这些词汇的时候容易把自己所理解的、所希望的意思填充进去。 (收起)

  2012-01-09 03:21:29   回应

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• 

  Chapter 3

  serolins

  摘录一些话，这是自己一直以来没有意识到的。 You cannot determine the worth of a conclusion until you identify the reasons.<原文开始></原文结束> If you can't identify the reasons, the conclusion is neither strong nor weak. 也就是说，一个结论没有给出原因，不能说是weak的结论，我们只能说无法判断。 一个argument是由conclusion和至少一条reason所构成的。缺少任何一部分，该次交流就不能算.. (更多)

  摘录一些话，这是自己一直以来没有意识到的。

  You cannot determine the worth of a conclusion until you identify the reasons.<原文开始></原文结束>

  If you can't identify the reasons, the conclusion is neither strong nor weak. 也就是说，一个结论没有给出原因，不能说是weak的结论，我们只能说无法判断。

  一个argument是由conclusion和至少一条reason所构成的。缺少任何一部分，该次交流就不能算作是argument。只有argument才有可能是逻辑上有缺陷的，因为单独的任何一部分并不能反映一个逻辑关系。

  所以，在进行critical thinking的时候，不要急。先把argument的conclusion和reason都正确的找出来再去想。不然，想了也是没有意义的，我们无法去推敲我们无法identify的东西。

  对于一些问题，少用反向推理，不然很可能你找出的reason是自己根据结论选择出来的。

  在identify理由的时候，要尽量的用自己的话去把这些理由归纳一下，然后在细细说明。 (收起)

  2012-01-08 01:14:24   回应

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