叔本华

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• Schopenhauer maintains that each person's character is both constant and inborn. We can neither choose nor change what we are. We can be educated to understand the world and ourselves better, giving us better, more refined motives on which to act, but the self that these motives prompt into action really has not altered:" Under the changeable shell of his years, hhis relationshhips, and even his store of knowledge and opinions, there hides, like a crab under its shell, the identical and real man, quite unchangeble and always the same" . Schopenhauer thinks that many of ordinary attitudes bear out this claim: we assume not just identity of the person, but constancy in the moral character as well. When we have gone on trusting someone to behave in a certain way, and have eventually been disa... (查看原文)

  dora13 3赞 2012-03-03 00:22:09

• 叔本华深刻地阐述了美学的核心问题：“如何在不涉及我们意志行为的情况下从客体身上体会到满足和快乐。”（《附录与补遗》第二卷，415）（他对美的愉悦的看法在某些方面类似于康德在《判断力批判》中提出的观点，尽管叔本华对这种联系不以为然，而且他也不认为康德的美学论著是他最好的著作。）按照常理，愉悦和满足来自某种欲望或目标的实现。我们所谓的幸福通常是在我们的一个目的得到实现后感受到的，或者可能是暂时还没有新的奋斗目标。但是这种愉悦和幸福，既然它们离不开意志行为，就永远带有痛苦的可能。首先，一切意志行为皆“源于缺乏，源于不足，所以也就是源于痛苦”（《作》第一卷，196）。其次，当任何一种欲望得到满足后，意志行为的主体很快会面临新的不足。因此在意志的驱使下人只能在痛苦和满足之间摆动，而且叔本华相信，痛苦持续时间更长，而满足只是暂时回到中间状态，然后又感到缺乏。 (查看原文)

  赎罪羊 2赞 2025-02-16 21:27:30

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